Intangiriro
Twese tuzi ihame ryo gushyira mu byiciro no kudashyira mu byiciro ihame rya IP n'ikoreshwa ryayo mu itumanaho rya interineti. Gutandukanya no kongera guteranya IP ni uburyo bw'ingenzi mu nzira yo kohereza paki. Iyo ingano ya paki irenze urugero ntarengwa rw'igice cyo kohereza (MTU) cy'umuyoboro w'itumanaho, gutandukanya IP bigabanya paki mo uduce twinshi duto two kohereza. Utwo duce twoherezwa mu buryo bwihariye mu muyoboro, kandi iyo tugeze aho tujya, twongera guteranywa mu duce twuzuye binyuze mu buryo bwo kongera guteranya IP. Ubu buryo bwo gutandukanya no kongera guteranya butuma paki nini zishobora koherezwa mu muyoboro mu gihe hakiri kare zizewe kandi zizewe. Muri iki gice, tuzareba byimbitse uburyo gutandukanya no kongera guteranya IP bikora.
Gutandukanya IP no kongera kuyiteranya
Amasano atandukanye y'amakuru afite ibice bitandukanye byo kohereza amakuru (MTU); urugero, umuyoboro w'amakuru wa FDDI ufite MTU ya bytes 4352 na Ethernet MTU ya bytes 1500. MTU isobanura Maximum Transmission Unit kandi yerekeza ku bunini ntarengwa bw'ipake ishobora koherezwa binyuze kuri interineti.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) ni uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru bwihuta cyane (LAN) bukoresha fibre optique nk'uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru. Igice cyo kohereza amakuru kinini (MTU) ni ingano ntarengwa y'ipaki ishobora koherezwa hakoreshejwe protocole y'urutonde rw'amakuru. Muri networks za FDDI, ingano ya MTU ni bytes 4352. Ibi bivuze ko ingano ntarengwa y'ipaki ishobora koherezwa hakoreshejwe protocole y'urutonde rw'amakuru muri networks za FDDI ari bytes 4352. Niba paki igomba koherezwa irenze ubu bunini, igomba gucibwamo ibice byinshi kugira ngo paki igabanywemo ibice byinshi bikwiriye ingano ya MTU yo kohereza amakuru no kongera kuyateranya kuri receiver.
Kuri Ethernet, MTU ubusanzwe iba ifite ingano ya bytes 1500. Ibi bivuze ko Ethernet ishobora kohereza paki zigera kuri bytes 1500. Iyo ingano ya paki irenze umupaka wa MTU, paki igabanywamo ibice bito kugira ngo yoherezwe hanyuma ikongera guteranywa aho igenewe. Guteranya datagram ya IP yagabanijwe bishobora gukorwa gusa n'uwagenewe aho igenewe, kandi router ntizakora igikorwa cyo kongera guteranya.
Twanavuze ku bice bya TCP mbere, ariko MSS isobanura Ingano y'Ibice Bikomeye, kandi igira uruhare runini muri protocole ya TCP. MSS yerekeza ku bunini bw'igice cy'amakuru ntarengwa cyemerewe koherezwa muri connection ya TCP. Kimwe na MTU, MSS ikoreshwa mu kugabanya ingano y'amapaki, ariko ibikora ku gice cy'ubwikorezi, urwego rwa protocole ya TCP. Porotokole ya TCP yohereza amakuru y'urwego rwa porogaramu igabanya amakuru mu bice byinshi by'amakuru, kandi ingano ya buri gice cy'amakuru igengwa na MSS.
MTU ya buri muyoboro w'amakuru iratandukanye kuko buri bwoko butandukanye bw'umuyoboro w'amakuru bukoreshwa mu ntego zitandukanye. Bitewe n'icyo ikoreshwa, MTU zitandukanye zishobora kubakwa.
Tuvuge ko uwohereje ashaka kohereza datagaramu nini ya byte 4000 yo kohereza binyuze kuri Ethernet link, bityo datagaramu igomba kugabanywamo datagaramu nto eshatu zo kohereza. Ibi biterwa nuko ingano ya buri datagaramu nto idashobora kurenza umupaka wa MTU, ari wo byte 1500. Nyuma yo kwakira datagaramu nto eshatu, uwakira yongera kuzihuza muri datagaramu nini ya byte 4000 y’umwimerere hashingiwe ku mubare w’uruhererekane n’itandukaniro rya buri datagaramu.
Mu kohereza ibice, gutakaza igice bizatuma amakuru yose ya IP adakoreshwa. Kugira ngo hirindwe ibi, TCP yashyizeho MSS, aho ibice bikorwa ku rwego rwa TCP aho gukorwa ku rwego rwa IP. Akamaro k'ubu buryo ni uko TCP ifite ububasha buhagije ku bunini bwa buri gice, ibyo bikaba birinda ibibazo bijyana no gucika ibice ku rwego rwa IP.
Kuri UDP, tugerageza kudatanga amakuru menshi kurusha MTU. Ibi biterwa nuko UDP ari protocole y’ubwikorezi idafite umurongo uhuza amakuru, idatanga uburyo bwo kwizera no gusubiza amakuru mu buryo nk'ubwa TCP. Iyo twohereje amakuru menshi kurusha MTU, azacikamo ibice bitewe n’urwego rwa IP kugira ngo yoherezwe. Iyo kimwe mu bice byatakaye, protocole ya UDP ntishobora kongera kohereza amakuru, bigatuma amakuru atakaza. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo dushobore kohereza amakuru neza, tugomba kugerageza kugenzura ingano y’amakuru ya UDP muri MTU no kwirinda kohereza amakuru menshi.
Umuhuzabikorwa wa Pake ya Mylinking ™ Networkishobora kumenya ubwoko butandukanye bwa protocole ya tunnel VxLAN/NVGRE/IPoverIP/MPLS/GRE, nibindi, ishobora kugenwa hakurikijwe umwirondoro w'umukoresha hakurikijwe umusaruro w'imiterere y'imbere cyangwa iy'inyuma y'utubumbe.
○ Ishobora kumenya udupaki twa VLAN, QinQ, na MPLS
○ Ashobora kumenya VLAN y'imbere n'iy'inyuma
○ Udupaki twa IPv4/IPv6 dushobora kumenyekana
○ Ishobora kumenya paki za VxLAN, NVGRE, GRE, IPoverIP, GENEVE, MPLS tunnel
○ Paketi za IP Fragmented zishobora kumenyekana (Igaragaza rya IP fragmentation rishyigikiwe kandi rigashyigikira kongera guteranya IP fragmentation kugira ngo hashyirwe mu bikorwa L4 feature filtering kuri pakiti zose za IP fragmentation. Shyira mu bikorwa politiki y'umuvuduko w'abagenda.)
Kuki IP yacitsemo ibice na TCP yacitsemo ibice?
Kubera ko mu kohereza amakuru kuri interineti, urwego rwa IP ruzagabanya amakuru mu buryo bwikora, nubwo urwego rwa TCP rutagabanya amakuru, amakuru azagabanya amakuru mu buryo bwikora n'urwego rwa IP kandi yohererezwe mu buryo busanzwe. None se kuki TCP ikeneye gucikamo ibice? Ntabwo ari ukurenga urugero?
Tuvuge ko hari paki nini idacitsemo ibice kuri TCP layer kandi ikabura mu nzira; TCP izayohereza, ariko muri paki yose nini (nubwo layer ya IP igabanya amakuru mo paki nto, buri paki ifite uburebure bwa MTU). Ibi biterwa nuko layer ya IP itita ku kohereza amakuru kwizerwa.
Mu yandi magambo, ku imashini itwara amakuru ikoresheje umuyoboro wayo, iyo urwego rw’ubwikorezi rugabanyijemo amakuru, urwego rwa IP ntiruyagabanyamo. Iyo urwego rw’ubwikorezi rudakozwe, urwego rw’ubwikorezi rushobora gucikamo ibice.
Mu magambo make, TCP igabanya amakuru ku buryo urwego rwa IP rutakibamo ibice, kandi iyo habayeho kohereza amakuru, ni ibice bito by'amakuru yagabanijwemo ibice gusa byoherezwa. Muri ubu buryo, imikorere myiza n'ubwizerwe byo kohereza amakuru bishobora kunozwa.
Niba TCP yaracitsemo ibice, urwego rwa IP ntirwacitsemo ibice?
Mu kiganiro cyavuzwe haruguru, twavuze ko nyuma yo gucikamo ibice bya TCP ku muntu wohereza, nta gucikamo ibice bibaho ku ruhande rwa IP. Ariko, hashobora kubaho ibindi bikoresho by'urusobe rw'itumanaho mu gice cyose cy'itumanaho bishobora kuba bifite igice kinini cyo kohereza amakuru (MTU) gito kurusha MTU ku muntu wohereza. Kubwibyo, nubwo paki yacitsemo ibice ku muntu wohereza amakuru, yongera gucikamo ibice uko inyura mu urwego rwa IP rw'ibyo bikoresho. Amaherezo, ibice byose bizateranywa ku muntu wohereza amakuru.
Iyo dushobora kumenya MTU ntarengwa ku murongo wose hanyuma tukanohereza amakuru kuri ubwo burebure, nta gucikamo ibice bizabaho uko amakuru yohererejwe kose. Iyi MTU ntarengwa ku murongo wose yitwa inzira ya MTU (PMTU). Iyo paki ya IP igeze kuri router, niba MTU ya router iri munsi y'uburebure bwa paki kandi ibendera rya DF (Ntugacemo ibice) rishyizwe kuri 1, router ntizashobora gucikamo ibice kandi ishobora kuyijugunya gusa. Muri iki gihe, router ikora ubutumwa bw'ikosa rya ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) bwitwa "Gucikamo ibice Bikenewe Ariko DF Ishyizweho." Ubu butumwa bw'ikosa rya ICMP buzoherezwa kuri aderesi y'isoko hamwe n'agaciro ka MTU ka router. Iyo uwohereje yakiriye ubutumwa bw'ikosa rya ICMP, ashobora guhindura ingano ya paki hashingiwe ku gaciro ka MTU kugira ngo hirindwe ikibazo cyo gucikamo ibice kibujijwe.
Gutandukanya IP ni ngombwa kandi bigomba kwirindwa kuri urwego rwa IP, cyane cyane ku bikoresho biri hagati biri kuri link. Kubwibyo, muri IPv6, gutandukanya paki za IP nibikoresho biri hagati byarabujijwe, kandi gutandukanya bishobora gukorwa gusa mu ntangiriro no mu mpera z'link.
Ubumenyi bw'ibanze bwa IPv6
IPv6 ni verisiyo ya 6 ya Interineti, ikaba ariyo yasimbuye IPv4. IPv6 ikoresha uburebure bwa aderesi ya biti 128, ishobora gutanga aderesi za IP nyinshi kurusha uburebure bwa aderesi ya biti 32 ya IPv4. Ibi biterwa nuko umwanya wa aderesi ya IPv4 ugenda ushira buhoro buhoro, mu gihe umwanya wa aderesi ya IPv6 ari munini cyane kandi ushobora guhaza ibyifuzo bya interineti y'ejo hazaza.
Iyo tuvuze kuri IPv6, uretse kuba ifite umwanya munini wo kubara aderesi, inazana umutekano mwiza no kwaguka, bivuze ko IPv6 ishobora gutanga uburambe bwiza bwa interineti ugereranije na IPv4.
Nubwo IPv6 imaze igihe kinini ikora, kuyikoresha ku isi yose biracyari buhoro. Ibi biterwa ahanini nuko IPv6 igomba kuba ijyanye n'umuyoboro wa IPv4 usanzweho, bisaba guhindura no kwimuka. Ariko, bitewe n'ibura ry'aderesi za IPv4 n'ubwiyongere bw'ubusabe bwa IPv6, abatanga serivisi za interineti benshi n'imiryango bagenda batangira gukoresha IPv6 buhoro buhoro, kandi buhoro buhoro barushaho kubona imikorere ya IPv6 na IPv4.
Incamake
Muri iki gice, twarebye mu buryo bwimbitse uburyo gutandukanya no kongera guteranya IP bikora. Amasano atandukanye y'amakuru afite igice gitandukanye cya Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Iyo ingano ya paki irenze umupaka wa MTU, gutandukanya IP bigabanya paki mo ibice byinshi bito byo kohereza, hanyuma bikongera kubiteranya mu paki yuzuye hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kongera guteranya IP nyuma yo kugera aho igana. Intego yo gutandukanya TCP ni ukugira ngo urwego rwa IP rutazongera kuba igice, no kongera kohereza amakuru mato gusa yagabanijwe igihe cyo kongera kohereza, kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza no kwizerwa. Ariko, hashobora kubaho ibindi bikoresho by'urusobe rw'itumanaho mu gice cyose cy'itumanaho gifite MTU ntoya kurusha iy'uwohereje, bityo paki izongera gutandukana ku rwego rwa IP rw'ibyo bikoresho. Gutandukanya ku rwego rwa IP bigomba kwirindwa uko bishoboka kose, cyane cyane ku bikoresho biri hagati muri urwo rwego.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-07-2025
