Intangiriro
Twese tuzi ihame ryo gutondekanya no kudashyira mu bikorwa ihame rya IP no kuyikoresha mu itumanaho. Gutandukanya IP no guteranya nuburyo bwingenzi mugikorwa cyo kohereza paki. Iyo ingano yipaki irenze igipimo ntarengwa cyoherejwe (MTU) ntarengwa cyo guhuza umuyoboro, IP igabanyamo ibice mo uduce duto duto two kohereza. Ibi bice byoherejwe byigenga murusobe kandi, iyo bigeze aho bijya, byateranijwe mubipaki byuzuye nuburyo bwa IP bwo guteranya. Iyi nzira yo gucamo ibice no kuyiteranya yemeza ko paki nini zishobora koherezwa murusobe mugihe harebwa ubunyangamugayo nukuri kwamakuru. Muri iki gice, tuzareba byimazeyo uburyo gucamo IP no guteranya gukora.
Gucamo ibice IP no guteranya
Ihuza ryamakuru atandukanye rifite ibice byinshi byohereza (MTU); kurugero, ihuza ryamakuru ya FDDI rifite MTU ya 4352 bytes na Ethernet MTU ya 1500 bytes. MTU isobanura Maximum Transmission Unit kandi yerekeza kubunini bwa paki ntarengwa ishobora koherezwa kumurongo.
FDDI (Fibre Yagabanijwe Data Interface) ni umuvuduko wihuse wumuyoboro waho (LAN) ukoresha fibre optique nkuburyo bwo kohereza. Igice kinini cyohereza (MTU) nubunini ntarengwa bwapaki bushobora koherezwa na data ihuza ibice protocole. Mu miyoboro ya FDDI, ubunini bwa MTU ni 4352 bytes. Ibi bivuze ko ingano ntarengwa yipaki ishobora koherezwa na data ihuza ibice protocole ya neti ya FDDI ni 4352 bytes. Niba paki igomba koherezwa irenze ubunini, igomba gucamo ibice kugirango igabanye paki mo ibice byinshi bikwiranye nubunini bwa MTU bwo kohereza no guteranyirizwa kubakira.
Kuri Ethernet, MTU mubusanzwe ni 1500 bytes mubunini. Ibi bivuze ko Ethernet ishobora kohereza paki kugeza kuri 1500 byite mubunini. Niba ingano yipaki irenze imipaka ya MTU, noneho paki igabanijwemo uduce duto two kohereza hanyuma igateranirizwa aho igana. Kongera guteranya igicapo cya IP cyaciwemo ibice gishobora gukorwa gusa nu cyerekezo cyerekanwe, kandi router ntizakora ibikorwa byo kongera guterana.
Twaganiriye kandi ku bice bya TCP mbere, ariko MSS igereranya Ingano ntarengwa ya Segment, kandi igira uruhare runini muri protocole ya TCP. MSS bivuga ubunini bwigice kinini cyamakuru yemerewe koherezwa muri TCP ihuza. Kimwe na MTU, MSS ikoreshwa mukugabanya ingano yipaki, ariko ibikora kurwego rwo gutwara abantu, TCP protocole. Porotokole ya TCP yohereza amakuru yurwego rwa porogaramu igabanya amakuru mu bice byinshi byamakuru, kandi ingano ya buri gice cyamakuru igarukira kuri MSS.
MTU ya buri data ihuza iratandukanye kuko buri bwoko bwamakuru atandukanye akoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye. Ukurikije intego yo gukoresha, MTU zitandukanye zirashobora kwakirwa.
Dufate ko uwayohereje ashaka kohereza igishushanyo kinini cya 4000 byte yo kohereza hejuru ya Ethernet, bityo igishushanyo kigomba kugabanywamo ibice bitatu bito kugirango byohereze. Ni ukubera ko ingano ya buri gishushanyo ntoya idashobora kurenga imipaka ya MTU, ni 1500 bytes. Nyuma yo kwakira ibishushanyo bitatu bito, uwakiriye yongeye kubiteranya muburyo bwa 4000 byte yumubare munini ukurikije numero ikurikirana hamwe na offset ya buri gishushanyo.
Mugukwirakwiza ibice, gutakaza igice bizatesha agaciro igishushanyo mbonera cya IP yose. Kugira ngo wirinde ibi, TCP yazanye MSS, aho gucamo ibice bikorwa kurwego rwa TCP aho gukoreshwa na IP. Ibyiza byubu buryo nuko TCP ifite igenzura ryuzuye kubunini bwa buri gice, birinda ibibazo bijyanye no gucikamo ibice kuri IP.
Kuri UDP, turagerageza kutohereza paki yamakuru arenze MTU. Ni ukubera ko UDP ari protocole idafite aho ihuriye nogutwara protocole, idatanga uburyo bwo kwizerwa no gusubiza ibintu nka TCP. Niba twohereje UDP data packet nini kuruta MTU, izacikamo ibice IP kugirango yohereze. Iyo kimwe mu bice bimaze gutakara, protokole ya UDP ntishobora kohereza, bikaviramo gutakaza amakuru. Kubwibyo, kugirango tumenye neza amakuru yizewe, tugomba kugerageza kugenzura ingano yipaki yamakuru ya UDP muri MTU kandi tukirinda kohereza ibice.
Mylinking ™ Umuyoboro wa Packet BrokerIrashobora guhita imenya ubwoko butandukanye bwa protocole protocole VxLAN / NVGRE / IPoverIP / MPLS / GRE, nibindi, birashobora kugenwa ukurikije umwirondoro wabakoresha ukurikije umuyoboro wa tunnel usohoka imbere cyangwa hanze.
Can Irashobora kumenya VLAN, QinQ, na MPLS ibirango
○ Irashobora kumenya VLAN y'imbere n'inyuma
Pack Ipaki ya IPv4 / IPv6 irashobora kumenyekana
○ Irashobora kumenya VxLAN, NVGRE, GRE, IPoverIP, GENEVE, MPLS tunnel
Acks Ibipapuro bya IP byacitsemo ibice birashobora kumenyekana (Gushyigikira kumenyekanisha IP gucamo ibice kandi bigashyigikira kongera guteranya IP kugirango dushyire mubikorwa L4 iyungurura kumapaki yose ya IP. Shyira mubikorwa politiki yo gusohoka mumodoka.)
Kuki IP yacitsemo ibice na TCP yacitsemo ibice?
Kubera ko mu ihererekanyamakuru, urwego rwa IP ruzahita rucamo ibice, nubwo TCP itagabanije amakuru, ipaki yamakuru izahita itandukanywa nigice cya IP kandi itanzwe mubisanzwe. None se kuki TCP ikeneye gucikamo ibice? Ntabwo aribyo birenze urugero?
Tuvuge ko hari paki nini itagabanijwe kurwego rwa TCP kandi yatakaye muri transit; TCP izongera kohereza, ariko gusa mubipaki binini byose (nubwo IP igabanya amakuru mubice bito, buri kimwe gifite uburebure bwa MTU). Ni ukubera ko IP layer ititaye ku ihererekanyamakuru ryizewe.
Muyandi magambo, ku bwikorezi bwimashini kumuyoboro uhuza, niba urwego rwubwikorezi rugabanije amakuru, urwego rwa IP ntirucamo ibice. Niba gucikamo ibice bidakozwe murwego rwo gutwara abantu, gucamo ibice birashoboka kuri IP.
Mumagambo yoroshye, TCP ibice byamakuru kugirango urwego rwa IP rutagabanijwe, kandi iyo retransmission ibaye, gusa uduce duto twamakuru yatandukanijwe asubirwamo. Muri ubu buryo, uburyo bwo kohereza no kwizerwa burashobora kunozwa.
Niba TCP yacitsemo ibice, urwego rwa IP ntirucitsemo ibice?
Mu biganiro byavuzwe haruguru, twavuze ko nyuma yo gucamo ibice TCP kubohereje, nta gucikamo ibice kuri IP. Ariko, harashobora kuba ibindi bikoresho byurusobe murwego rwubwikorezi rushobora kugira igice kinini cyohereza (MTU) gito ugereranije na MTU kubohereje. Kubwibyo, nubwo paki yacitsemo ibice kubohereje, irongera igabanywa nkuko inyura muri IP layer yibi bikoresho. Amaherezo, ibice byose bizateranira kubakira.
Niba dushobora kumenya MTU ntarengwa hejuru yibihuza byose no kohereza amakuru kuri ubwo burebure, nta gucikamo ibice bizabaho nubwo amakuru yatanzwe kuri. Iyi MTU ntarengwa kumurongo wose yitwa inzira MTU (PMTU). Iyo ipaki ya IP igeze kuri router, niba MTU ya router iri munsi yuburebure bwa paki kandi ibendera rya DF (Ntugabanye) ryashyizwe kuri 1, router ntizashobora gutandukanya paki kandi irashobora kuyiterera gusa. Muri iki kibazo, router itanga ubutumwa bwikosa rya ICMP (Interineti yo kugenzura ubutumwa bwa enterineti) bwitwa "Gucamo ibice bikenewe ariko DF yashizeho." Ubu butumwa bwibeshya bwa ICMP buzoherezwa kuri aderesi yinkomoko hamwe nagaciro ka MTU ya router. Iyo uwayohereje yakiriye ubutumwa bwikosa rya ICMP, burashobora guhindura ubunini bwa paki bushingiye ku gaciro ka MTU kugirango wirinde gucikamo ibice bibujijwe.
Gucamo ibice IP birakenewe kandi bigomba kwirindwa kurwego rwa IP, cyane cyane kubikoresho bigereranijwe. Kubwibyo, muri IPv6, gucamo ibice paki ya IP kubikoresho byaciriritse byarabujijwe, kandi gucamo ibice bishobora gukorwa gusa mugitangira no kurangiza guhuza.
Gusobanukirwa Byibanze kuri IPv6
IPv6 ni verisiyo ya 6 ya enterineti ya enterineti, niyo isimbuye IPv4. IPv6 ikoresha uburebure bwa adresse 128-bit, ishobora gutanga aderesi ya IP irenze uburebure bwa 32-bit ya IPv4. Ni ukubera ko umwanya wa aderesi ya IPv4 ugenda unanirwa buhoro buhoro, mugihe IPv6 ya adresse nini nini kandi irashobora guhaza ibyifuzo bya enterineti.
Iyo uvuze kuri IPv6, usibye umwanya wa adresse nyinshi, izana umutekano mwiza nubunini, bivuze ko IPv6 ishobora gutanga uburambe bwiza bwurusobe ugereranije na IPv4.
Nubwo IPv6 imaze igihe kinini, gahunda yayo yoherejwe iracyatinda. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko IPv6 igomba guhuzwa numuyoboro wa IPv4 uriho, bisaba inzibacyuho no kwimuka. Ariko, hamwe numunaniro wa aderesi ya IPv4 hamwe no gukenera gukenera IPv6, abatanga serivise nimiryango myinshi kuri interineti bagenda bemera IPv6, kandi buhoro buhoro bamenya imikorere ya IPv6 na IPv4.
Incamake
Muri iki gice, twarebye neza uburyo gucamo IP no guteranya imirimo. Ihuza ryamakuru atandukanye rifite igice kinini cyohereza (MTU). Iyo ingano yipaki irenze imipaka ya MTU, gucamo IP bigabanya paki mo uduce duto duto two kohereza, hanyuma ukayiteranya mumapaki yuzuye hamwe nuburyo bwa IP bwo guteranya nyuma yo kugera aho ujya. Intego yo gucamo ibice TCP nugukora IP igabanijwe, kandi ikohereza gusa amakuru mato yacitsemo ibice iyo retransmission ibaye, kugirango tunoze uburyo bwo kohereza no kwizerwa. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hashobora kuba hari ibindi bikoresho byurusobe murwego rwo gutwara abantu MTU ishobora kuba nto kurenza iyohereje, bityo paki iracyongera gucikamo ibice kuri IP layer yibi bikoresho. Gutandukana kurwego rwa IP bigomba kwirindwa bishoboka, cyane cyane kubikoresho bigereranijwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-07-2025
