TCP vs UDP: Gusobanura neza ikibazo cy’ubwirinzi n’imikorere myiza

Uyu munsi, tugiye gutangira twibanda kuri TCP. Mbere mu gice kivuga ku gushyiramo ibice, twavuze ingingo y'ingenzi. Ku gice cy'umuyoboro w'itumanaho no hepfo, ni byinshi ku bijyanye no guhuza hagati ya host na host, bivuze ko mudasobwa yawe igomba kumenya aho indi mudasobwa iri kugira ngo iyihuze. Ariko, itumanaho muri network akenshi ni itumanaho hagati ya mudasobwa aho kuba itumanaho hagati ya mudasobwa. Kubwibyo, protocole ya TCP ishyiramo igitekerezo cya port. Port ishobora gukoreshwa n'uburyo bumwe gusa, butanga itumanaho ritaziguye hagati ya porogaramu zikora kuri host zitandukanye.

Inshingano y'urwego rw'ubwikorezi ni uburyo bwo gutanga serivisi z'itumanaho ritaziguye hagati y'ibikorwa byo gukoresha porogaramu bikorera ku bikoresho bitandukanye, bityo bizwi kandi nka protocole yo kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera. Uru rwego rw'ubwikorezi ruhisha amakuru y'ingenzi y'umuyoboro, bigatuma inzira yo gukoresha porogaramu igaragara nk'aho hari umuyoboro w'itumanaho uhuza ibice bibiri by'urwego rw'ubwikorezi.

TCP isobanura Transmission Control Protocol kandi izwi nka protocole ishingiye ku guhuza amakuru. Ibi bivuze ko mbere yuko porogaramu imwe itangira kohereza amakuru ku yindi, inzira zombi zigomba gukora handshake. Handshake ni inzira ihuza neza kandi ikora neza ituma amakuru atangwa neza kandi agahabwa neza. Mu gihe cyo gufata handshake, hashyirwaho connection hagati y’aho amakuru aturuka n’aho ajyanwa binyuze mu guhanahana urutonde rw’amapaki yo kugenzura no kumvikana ku bipimo bimwe na bimwe n’amategeko kugira ngo amakuru yoherezwe neza.

TCP ni iki? (Mylink'sGukanda kuri interinetinaUmuhuzabikorwa w'amapaki y'itumanahoishobora gutunganya paki za TCP cyangwa UDP)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ni protocole y'itumanaho rishingiye ku guhuza, yizewe kandi ishingiye ku buryo bwo gutwara abantu.

Ishingiye ku guhuza: Guhuza itumanaho bisobanuye ko itumanaho rya TCP ari itumanaho ry’umuntu umwe, ni ukuvuga itumanaho ry’intambwe imwe n’imwe, bitandukanye na UDP, ishobora kohereza ubutumwa ku bashyitsi benshi icyarimwe, bityo itumanaho ry’umuntu umwe n’abandi ntirishobora kugerwaho.
Kwizewe: Kwizerwa kwa TCP bituma paki zitangwa neza ku mukiriya utitaye ku mpinduka mu muyoboro w’itumanaho, ibyo bigatuma imiterere ya paki ya protocole ya TCP irushaho kuba ingorabahizi kurusha iya UDP.
Ishingiye ku miyoboro ya Byte: Imiterere ya TCP ishingiye kuri byte-stream yemerera kohereza ubutumwa bw'ingano iyo ari yo yose kandi ikemeza uburyo ubutumwa bukurikiranye: nubwo ubutumwa bwabanje butakiriwe neza, ndetse n'ubwo byte zikurikiraho byaba byarakiriwe, TCP ntabwo izabugeza ku rwego rwa porogaramu kugira ngo butunganywe kandi izahita ikuraho udupaki dutandukanye.
Iyo umuyoboro A na umuyoboro B bamaze gushyiraho umurongo, porogaramu igomba gukoresha umurongo w'itumanaho rya virtual gusa kugira ngo yohereze kandi yakire amakuru, bityo ikaba igenzura ko amakuru yoherezwa. Porotokole ya TCP ishinzwe kugenzura imirimo nko gushyiraho umurongo, gusiba no gufata. Byagombye kumenyekana ko hano tuvuga ko umurongo wa virtual usobanura gusa gushyiraho umurongo, umurongo wa TCP uhuza gusa ko impande zombi zishobora gutangira kohereza amakuru, no kwemeza ko amakuru yizewe. Inzira zo kohereza no gutwara amakuru zicungwa n'ibikoresho bya interineti; porotokole ya TCP ubwayo ntabwo ireba ibi bisobanuro.

Guhuza TCP ni serivisi yuzuye ya duplex, bivuze ko host A na host B bishobora kohereza amakuru mu byerekezo byombi muri TCP connection. Ni ukuvuga ko amakuru ashobora koherezwa hagati ya host A na host B mu buryo bw'umurongo w'umurongo.

TCP ibika amakuru by'agateganyo muri send buffer ya connection. Iyi send buffer ni imwe muri caches zishyirwaho mu gihe cyo gusabana kw'inzira eshatu. Nyuma yaho, TCP izohereza amakuru ari muri send cache kuri receive cache ya host y'aho igenewe mu gihe gikwiye. Mu buryo bufatika, buri wese mu bakozi azaba afite send cache na receive cache, nk'uko bigaragara hano:

Send buffer ni agace k'ububiko gashyirwa mu bikorwa na TCP ku ruhande rw'uwohereza, gakoreshwa mu kubika by'agateganyo amakuru agomba koherezwa. Iyo hakozwe igikorwa cyo gusabana mu buryo butatu kugira ngo habeho umurongo, send cache irashyirwaho kandi igakoreshwa mu kubika amakuru. Send buffer ihinduka bitewe n'umuvuduko w'umuyoboro n'ibitekerezo by'uwakira.

Agasanduku k'ububiko gashyirwa mu bikorwa na TCP ku ruhande rw'ubwakirizi gakoreshwa mu kubika by'agateganyo amakuru yakiriwe. TCP ibika amakuru yakiriwe mu bubiko bw'ubwakirizi hanyuma igategereza ko porogaramu yo hejuru ikayasoma.

Menya ko ingano ya send cache na receiver cache ari nke, iyo cache yuzuye, TCP ishobora gukoresha ingamba zimwe na zimwe, nko kugenzura gucucikana kw'amakuru, kugenzura ubwiyongere bw'amakuru, nibindi, kugira ngo amakuru yohererezwe neza kandi ahamye.

Mu miyoboro ya mudasobwa, kohereza amakuru hagati y’abashinzwe kwakira amakuru bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibice. None se igice cy’amapaki ni iki?

TCP ikora igice cya TCP, cyangwa igice cya paki, igabanya umuyoboro winjira mo ibice hanyuma ikongeraho imitwe ya TCP kuri buri gice. Buri gice gishobora koherezwa gusa mu gihe gito kandi ntigishobora kurenza Ingano ya Segimenti ya Maximum (MSS). Mu gihe cyo kumanuka, igice cya paki kinyura mu cyiciro cya link. Icyiciro cya link gifite Igice cya Transmission cya Maximum (MTU), ari na cyo ingano ntarengwa ya paki ishobora kunyura mu cyiciro cya link ya data. Igice cya link cya transmission cyamanini gikunze kuba gifitanye isano n'uburyo bwo gutumanaho.

None se itandukaniro riri hagati ya MSS na MTU ni irihe?

Mu miyoboro ya mudasobwa, imiterere y’urwego rw’ubuyobozi ni ingenzi cyane kuko yita ku itandukaniro riri hagati y’urwego rutandukanye. Buri cyiciro gifite izina ritandukanye; mu cyiciro cy’ubwikorezi, amakuru yitwa igice, naho mu gice cy’ubwikorezi, amakuru yitwa paki ya IP. Kubwibyo, Igice cy’Ubwikorezi Bunini (MTU) gishobora gufatwa nk’ingano ya paki ya IP ishobora koherezwa n’urwego rw’ubwikorezi, mu gihe Ingano ya Segimenti Bunini (MSS) ari igitekerezo cy’urwego rw’ubwikorezi kivuga ku mubare ntarengwa w’amakuru ashobora koherezwa n’ipaki ya TCP icyarimwe.

Menya ko iyo Ingano ya Segment (MSS) ari nini kurusha Ingano ya Segment (MTU), gutandukanya IP bizakorwa ku rwego rwa network, kandi TCP ntabwo izagabanya amakuru manini mo ibice bikwiranye n'ingano ya MTU. Hazabaho igice ku rwego rwa network cyagenewe urwego rwa IP.