Ubwikorezi bwa TCP
Twese tumenyereye protocole ya TCP nka protocole yizewe yo gutwara, ariko nigute ishobora kwemeza ubwizerwe bwubwikorezi?
Kugirango ugere ku ihererekanyabubasha ryizewe, ibintu byinshi bigomba kwitabwaho, nka ruswa yamakuru, igihombo, kwigana, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitateganijwe. Niba ibyo bibazo bidashobora gukemurwa, kwanduza kwizewe ntigushobora kugerwaho.
Kubwibyo, TCP ikoresha uburyo nkumubare ukurikirana, igisubizo cyo kwemerwa, kohereza kugenzura, gucunga imiyoboro, hamwe no kugenzura idirishya kugirango bigerweho neza.
Muri iyi nyandiko, tuzibanda ku idirishya ryo kunyerera, kugenzura imigendekere no kugenzura ibibazo bya TCP. Uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bukurikira mu gice gikurikira.
Igenzura ry'Urusobe
Kugenzura imiyoboro ya Network cyangwa kumenya nka Network traffic traffic mubyukuri nigaragaza umubano wihishe hagati yabatanga n'abaguzi. Ushobora kuba warahuye nibi bintu byinshi kukazi cyangwa mubazwa. Niba ubushobozi bwa producer bwo kubyara burenze cyane ubushobozi bwabaguzi bwo kurya, bizatera umurongo gukura ubuziraherezo. Mugihe gikomeye cyane, ushobora kumenya ko mugihe ubutumwa bwa RabbitMQ bwarundanye cyane, bushobora gutera imikorere mibi ya seriveri yose ya MQ. Ni nako bimeze kuri TCP; nibisigara bitagenzuwe, ubutumwa bwinshi cyane buzashyirwa murusobe, kandi abaguzi bazaba barenze ubushobozi bwabo, mugihe ababikora bazakomeza kohereza ubutumwa bubiri, bizagira ingaruka cyane kumikorere y'urusobe.
Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, TCP itanga uburyo bwohereje kugenzura umubare wamakuru yoherejwe hashingiwe ku bushobozi nyabwo bwo kwakira abayakiriye, buzwi nko kugenzura imigezi. Uwakira yakira idirishya ryakira, mugihe uwayohereje akomeza idirishya ryohereza. Twabibutsa ko izi Windows zigenewe gusa guhuza TCP imwe kandi ntabwo amasano yose asangiye idirishya.
TCP itanga imigenzereze ikoresheje impinduka kugirango yakire idirishya. Idirishya ryakira riha uwakohereje kwerekana umubare wa cache umwanya uracyaboneka. Uwayohereje agenzura umubare wamakuru yoherejwe ukurikije ubushobozi bwo kwakira neza uwakiriye.
Uwakiriye uwakiriye amenyesha uwayohereje ingano yamakuru ashobora kwakira, kandi uwayohereje kugeza kuri iyi mipaka. Iyi mipaka nubunini bwidirishya, ibuka umutwe wa TCP? Hariho kwakira idirishya ryumurima, rikoreshwa mukugaragaza umubare wa bytes uwakiriye ashoboye cyangwa afite ubushake bwo kwakira.
Uwohereje uwakiriye azohereza buri gihe idirishya ryiperereza, rikoreshwa mukumenya niba uwakiriye yakira ubushobozi bwo kwakira amakuru. Iyo buffer yakira ifite ibyago byo kurengerwa, ingano yidirishya iba yashyizwe ku giciro gito cyo gutegeka uwagutumye kugenzura umubare wamakuru yoherejwe.
Hano hari igishushanyo mbonera cyo kugenzura imiyoboro:
Igenzura ry'urusobe
Mbere yo gutangiza igenzura ryumubyigano, dukeneye kumva ko usibye kwakira idirishya ryakira no kohereza idirishya, hari nidirishya ryumubyigano, rikoreshwa cyane mugukemura ikibazo cyikigero uwatumye atangira kohereza amakuru mumadirishya yakiriye. Kubwibyo, idirishya ryumubyigano naryo rikomezwa nuwohereje TCP. Dukeneye algorithm kugirango duhitemo umubare wamakuru akwiriye kohereza, kubera kohereza amakuru make cyane cyangwa menshi cyane ntabwo ari byiza, niyo mpamvu igitekerezo cyamadirishya yuzuye.
Muburyo bwambere bwo kugenzura imiyoboro, icyo twirinze ni uko twohereje yuzuza cache yabakiriye amakuru, ariko ntitwari tuzi ibibera murusobe. Mubisanzwe, imiyoboro ya mudasobwa iri mubidukikije. Nkigisubizo, hashobora kubaho urusobe rwurusobe kubera itumanaho hagati yabandi bakiriye.
Iyo umuyoboro wuzuye, niba umubare munini wibipaki bikomeje koherezwa, birashobora gutera ibibazo nko gutinda no gutakaza paki. Kuri iyi ngingo, TCP izongera kohereza amakuru, ariko gusubiramo bizongera umutwaro kuri neti, bivamo gutinda kwinshi no gutakaza paki nyinshi. Ibi birashobora kwinjira mubihe bibi kandi bigakomeza kuba binini.
Rero, TCP ntishobora kwirengagiza ibibera kumurongo. Iyo umuyoboro wuzuye, TCP iritanga mukugabanya umubare wamakuru yohereje.
Kubwibyo, kugenzura ibibazo birasabwa, bigamije kwirinda kuzuza umuyoboro wose amakuru yaturutse kubohereje. Kugenzura umubare wamakuru wohereje agomba kohereza, TCP isobanura igitekerezo cyitwa idirishya ryuzuye. Igenzura ryumubyigano algorithm izahindura ingano yidirishya ryumubyigano ukurikije urugero rwumubyigano wurusobe, kugirango ugenzure umubare wamakuru yoherejwe nuwohereje.
Idirishya ryuzuye ni iki? Ibi bihuriye he no kohereza idirishya?
Idirishya rya Congestion ni leta ihindagurika ikomezwa nuwohereje igena umubare wamakuru uwohereje ashobora kohereza. Idirishya ryububiko rihinduka muburyo bukurikije urwego rwumubyigano.
Kohereza Idirishya ni ubwumvikane buke bwidirishya hagati yuwohereje nuwakira byerekana umubare wamakuru yakiriye ashobora kwakira. Idirishya ryuzuye hamwe nidirishya ryohereza bifitanye isano; kohereza idirishya mubusanzwe bingana na byibuze byumubyigano no kwakira Windows, ni ukuvuga swnd = min (cwnd, rwnd).
Idirishya ryuzuye cwnd rihinduka kuburyo bukurikira:
Niba nta mbogamizi ziri murusobe, ni ukuvuga, nta gihe cyo gusubira inyuma kibaho, idirishya ryiyongera.
Niba hari urujya n'uruza murusobe, idirishya ryumubyigano riragabanuka.
Uwayohereje agena niba urusobe rwuzuyemo kureba niba paki yemewe ya ACK yakiriwe mugihe cyagenwe. Niba uwayohereje atakiriye paketi yo kwemeza ACK mugihe cyagenwe, bifatwa ko umuyoboro wuzuye.
Usibye idirishya ryumubyigano, igihe kirageze cyo kuganira kuri TCP yo kugenzura algorithm. TCP igenzura ubukana algorithm igizwe nibice bitatu byingenzi:
Buhoro Buhoro:Mu ikubitiro, idirishya rya cwnd idirishya ni rito, kandi uwayohereje yongera idirishya ryumubyigano kuburyo bworoshye guhuza nubushobozi bwurusobe.
Kwirinda Itorero:Nyuma yidirishya ryumubyigano urenze urwego runaka, uwayohereje yongera idirishya ryumubyigano muburyo bumwe kugirango ugabanye umuvuduko wikura ryidirishya ryumubyigano kandi wirinde kurenza umuyoboro.
Gukira vuba:Niba umubyigano ubaye, uwayohereje agabanya kabiri idirishya ryumubyigano hanyuma yinjira muburyo bwihuse bwo kugarura kugirango hamenyekane aho urusobe rusubirana binyuze mumashanyarazi yakiriwe, hanyuma akomeza kongera idirishya ryumubyigano.
Buhoro Buhoro
Iyo TCP ihuza yashizweho, idirishya ryububiko cwnd ryabanje gushyirwaho byibuze MSS (ingano yicyiciro kinini). Ubu buryo, igipimo cyambere cyo kohereza kijyanye na MSS / RTT bytes / isegonda. Umuyoboro nyawo uboneka mubisanzwe ni munini kuruta MSS / RTT, TCP rero irashaka kubona igipimo cyiza cyo kohereza, gishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe buhoro-gutangira.
Muburyo bwo gutangira buhoro, agaciro ka idirishya rya cwnd kazatangizwa kuri 1 MSS, kandi burigihe burigihe igice cyoherejwe cyapimwe cyemewe, agaciro ka cwnd kaziyongera na MSS imwe, ni ukuvuga ko agaciro ka cwnd kazahinduka 2 MSS. Nyuma yibyo, agaciro ka cwnd karikubye kabiri kuri buri kintu cyiza cyo kohereza igice cyapaki, nibindi. Inzira yihariye yo gukura irerekanwa mumashusho akurikira.
Ariko, igipimo cyo kohereza ntigishobora gukura buri gihe; gukura bigomba kurangira mugihe runaka. None, ni ryari igipimo cyo kohereza cyiyongera? Buhoro-gutangira mubisanzwe birangiza kwiyongera mubipimo byoherejwe muburyo bumwe:
Inzira yambere nikibazo cyo gutakaza paki mugihe cyo kohereza buhoro buhoro. Iyo igihombo kibuze, TCP ishyiraho idirishya ryuwohereje cwnd kuri 1 hanyuma igatangira inzira yo gutangira buhoro. Kuri iyi ngingo, igitekerezo cyo gutangira buhoro buhoro ssthresh yatangijwe, agaciro kayo ka mbere ni kimwe cya kabiri cyagaciro ka cwnd ibyara igihombo. Nukuvuga ko, iyo hagaragaye ubwinshi, agaciro ka ssthresh ni kimwe cya kabiri cyagaciro kidirishya.
Inzira ya kabiri ni uguhuza mu buryo butaziguye n'agaciro ka buhoro-tangira kurenga ssthresh. Kubera ko agaciro ka ssthresh ari kimwe cya kabiri cyidirishya ryagaciro mugihe hagaragaye umubyigano, gutakaza paki birashobora kugaragara hamwe na kabiri mugihe cwnd nini kuruta ssthresh. Kubwibyo, nibyiza gushiraho cwnd kuri ssthresh, bizatera TCP guhinduka muburyo bwo kugenzura ibibazo no kurangiza buhoro-gutangira.
Inzira yanyuma itangira gutangira irashobora kurangira nimba hamenyekanye acks eshatu zirenze, TCP ikora byihuse kandi ikinjira muburyo bwo gukira. (Niba bidasobanutse impamvu hariho paki eshatu za ACK, bizasobanurwa ukundi muburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu.)
Kwirinda Itorero
Iyo TCP yinjiye muri reta yo kugenzura ibintu, cwnd iba igizwe na kimwe cya kabiri cyumubyigano ssthresh. Ibi bivuze ko agaciro ka cwnd kadashobora gukuba kabiri igihe cyose paki yakiriwe. Ahubwo, uburyo busa nubwitonzi bwakoreshejwe aho agaciro ka cwnd kongerwa na MSS imwe gusa (uburebure bwa paki ndende) nyuma yo kohereza. Kurugero, nubwo ibice 10 bipakiye byemewe, agaciro ka cwnd kaziyongera gusa na MSS imwe. Ubu ni uburyo bwo gukura bugaragara kandi bufite kandi imipaka yo hejuru. Iyo paki yatakaye, agaciro ka cwnd kahinduwe kuri MSS, kandi agaciro ka ssthresh gashyizwe kuri kimwe cya kabiri cya cwnd. Cyangwa bizahagarika kandi gukura kwa MSS mugihe ibisubizo 3 byuzuye bya ACK byakiriwe. Niba acks eshatu zirenze urugero ziracyakirwa nyuma yo kugabanya agaciro ka cwnd, agaciro ka ssthresh kandikwa nkigice cyagaciro ka cwnd kandi leta yihuse yakira.
Gukira vuba
Muri leta yihuta yo kugarura ibintu, agaciro kamadirishya ya cwnd yongerewe na MSS imwe kuri buri yakiriye ibirenze ACK, ni ukuvuga ACK itagera muburyo bukurikiranye. Nukugirango ukoreshe ibice byapaki byanyujijwe neza murusobe kugirango tunoze neza uburyo bwo kohereza.
Iyo ACK yo mubice byabuze igipapuro igeze, TCP igabanya agaciro ka cwnd hanyuma ikinjira muburyo bwo kwirinda ubwinshi. Nukugenzura ingano yidirishya ryumubyigano no kwirinda kurushaho kongera urusobe rwumuyoboro.
Niba igihe cyateganijwe kibaye nyuma yubugenzuzi bwumubyigano, imiterere y'urusobekerane irakomera kandi TCP yimuka ikava muri reta yo kwirinda ubukana ikajya buhoro buhoro. Muri iki kibazo, agaciro ka idirishya ryumubyigano cwnd yashyizwe kuri 1 MSS, uburebure bwa packet igice kinini, hamwe nagaciro gahoro gahoro-gutangira ssthresh yashyizwe kuri kimwe cya kabiri cya cwnd. Intego yibi ni ukongera kongera buhoro buhoro ubunini bwidirishya ryumubyigano nyuma yumurongo umaze gukira kugirango uhuze igipimo cyogukwirakwiza hamwe nurwego rwumubyigano.
Incamake
Nka protocole yizewe yo gutwara, TCP ishyira mubikorwa ubwikorezi bwizewe numero ikurikirana, kwemerwa, kugenzura kohereza, gucunga imiyoboro no kugenzura idirishya. Muri byo, uburyo bwo kugenzura imigezi bugenzura umubare wamakuru yoherejwe nuwohereje ukurikije ubushobozi nyabwo bwo kwakira uwakiriye, birinda ibibazo byumuvuduko wurusobe no kwangirika kwimikorere. Uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bwumubyigano birinda ko habaho urusobe rwumuyoboro uhindura umubare wamakuru yoherejwe nuwohereje. Ibitekerezo byububiko bwamadirishya no kohereza idirishya bifitanye isano, kandi ingano yamakuru yoherejwe nayo igenzurwa no guhindura ingano yidirishya ryuzuye. Gutangira gahoro, kwirinda ubwinshi no gukira byihuse nibice bitatu byingenzi bigize TCP igenzura imikoreshereze ya algorithm, ihindura ingano yidirishya ryumubyigano binyuze muburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza nubushobozi nubunini bwurusobe.
Mu gice gikurikira, tuzasuzuma uburyo bwa TCP bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo burambuye. Uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu hamwe nigice cyingenzi cya TCP kugirango ugere kubyohereza byizewe. Iremeza kohereza amakuru yizewe mu kohereza amakuru yatakaye, yangiritse cyangwa yatinze. Ihame nogushyira mubikorwa ingamba zo gusubiza ibintu bizatangizwa kandi bisesengurwe birambuye mugice gikurikira. Komeza ukurikirane!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-24-2025
