Kugira ngo serivisi zitangwa mu bicu zihuzwe n’ibikenewe, umuyoboro ugabanywamo ibice bibiri: Underlay na Overlay. Umuyoboro wa Underlay ni ibikoresho bifatika nko gukoresha no guhindura amakuru mu kigo gisanzwe cy’amakuru, gikomeje kwizera igitekerezo cyo guhagarara no gutanga ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru ku muyoboro. Overlay ni umuyoboro w’ubucuruzi uhuriweho, hafi ya serivisi, binyuze muri VXLAN cyangwa GRE protocol encapsulation, kugira ngo abakoresha babone serivisi zoroshye zo gukoresha ku muyoboro. Umuyoboro wa Underlay na Ooverlay birafitanye isano kandi biratandukanye, kandi bifitanye isano kandi bishobora guhinduka ukwabyo.
Umuyoboro wa Underlay ni wo shingiro ry'umuyoboro. Iyo umuyoboro wa Underlay udahamye, nta SLA ibaho ku bucuruzi. Nyuma y'imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amatara atatu n'imiterere y'umuyoboro wa Fat-Tree, imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amatara iri guhinduka ijya ku miterere ya Spine-Leaf, ari na byo byatumye habaho ikoreshwa rya gatatu rya moderi ya CLOS.
Imiterere y'urubuga gakondo rw'amakuru
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibice bitatu
Kuva mu 2004 kugeza mu 2007, imiterere y'imiyoboro y'amakuru mu byiciro bitatu yari ikunzwe cyane mu bigo by'amakuru. Ifite ibice bitatu: urwego rw'ibanze (urukuta rw'umuyoboro rwihuta cyane), urwego rw'ikusanyirizo (rutanga umurongo ushingiye kuri politiki), n'urwego rw'injira (ruhuza imikorere n'umuyoboro). Icyitegererezo ni iki gikurikira:
Imiterere y'urusobe rw'imiyoboro y'ibice bitatu
Umwanya w'ibanze: Uduce tw'ibanze dutanga uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru mu buryo bwihuse cyane, guhuza amakuru n'uduce twinshi two guteranya amakuru, hamwe n'umuyoboro w'itumanaho wa L3 uhoraho ukorera umuyoboro wose.
Urupapuro rwo Guteranya: Urupapuro rwo guteranya ruhuza n'urupapuro rwo kwinjira kandi rutanga izindi serivisi, nko kurinda umuriro, gukuraho SSL, kumenya kwinjira, gusesengura umuyoboro w'itumanaho, nibindi.
Uburyo bwo kwinjira: Udukingirizo two kwinjira tuba turi hejuru ya Raki, bityo twitwa kandi ToR (Top of Raki), kandi duhuza neza na seriveri.
Ubusanzwe, switch yo guteranya ni ahantu hatandukanya imiyoboro ya L2 na L3: umuyoboro wa L2 uri munsi y’umuyoboro wo guteranya, naho umuyoboro wa L3 uri hejuru. Buri tsinda ry’imiyoboro yo guteranya ricunga Point Of Delivery (POD), kandi buri POD ni umuyoboro wigenga wa VLAN.
Porotokole y'igiti cya Network Loop na Spanning
Ikorwa ry'imirongo riterwa ahanini n'urujijo ruterwa n'inzira zidasobanutse neza z'aho ugana. Iyo abakoresha bubaka imiyoboro, kugira ngo barebe ko ari inyangamugayo, bakoresha ibikoresho bidakoreshwa n'imirongo idakoreshwa, kugira ngo imirongo ikoreshwe nta kabuza. Umuyoboro wa 2 uri mu gice kimwe cy'itumanaho, kandi amapaki y'itumanaho azoherezwa kenshi muri uwo murongo, bigatuma habaho inkubi y'umuyaga, ishobora gutuma imiyoboro ifunga umuyoboro ndetse n'ibikoresho bigahagarara mu kanya gato. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo hirindwe inkubi y'umuyaga, ni ngombwa gukumira ikorwa ry'imirongo.
Kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho imiyoboro no kwemeza ko ari ingirakamaro, birashoboka gusa guhindura ibikoresho bidakoreshwa n'amakuru adakoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe mo ibikoresho byo kubika amakuru n'amakuru ahoraho. Ni ukuvuga ko amakuru ahoraho n'amakuru ahoraho afungwa mu bihe bisanzwe kandi ntagire uruhare mu kohereza amakuru. Iyo igikoresho cyo kohereza amakuru kiriho ubu, amakuru ahoraho, amakuru ahoraho, bigatuma umuyoboro ucucitse, amakuru ahoraho n'amakuru ahoraho bizafungurwa, kugira ngo umuyoboro ushobore kugaruka uko bisanzwe. Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura bukorwa na Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Porogaramu y’igiti cyagutse ikora hagati y’urwego rwo kwinjira n’urwego rwo gusimbuka, kandi mu mizi yayo hari uburyo bwo gusimbuka bukoresha buri kiraro gikoresha STP, cyagenewe byihariye kwirinda guhuza inzira mu gihe hari inzira zidafite aho zihuriye. STP ihitamo inzira nziza yo kohereza amakuru kandi ntiyemera amasano atari igice cy’igiti cyagutse, hagasigara inzira imwe gusa ikora hagati y’ama node abiri y’umuyoboro kandi indi link izafungwa.
STP ifite ibyiza byinshi: ni yoroshye, iracomeka kandi igakina, kandi isaba imiterere mike cyane. Imashini ziri muri buri pod zigize VLAN imwe, bityo seriveri ishobora kwimura aho iherereye mu buryo butari ubwayo muri pod idahinduye aderesi ya IP na gateway.
Ariko, inzira zo kohereza zihuza ntizishobora gukoreshwa na STP, ibyo bikazahagarika inzira zidafite aho zihuriye muri VLAN. Ingaruka mbi za STP:
1. Guhuza buhoro buhoro kwa topolojia. Iyo topolojia y'urusobe rw'amakuru ihindutse, protocole y'igiti cyagutse bifata amasegonda 50-52 kugira ngo topolojia ihuze.
2, ntishobora gutanga akazi ko kuringaniza imitwaro. Iyo hari umurongo uri muri network, protocole y'igiti cyagutse ishobora gusa guhagarika umurongo, ku buryo umurongo udashobora kohereza amakuru, bigapfusha ubusa umutungo wa network.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya virtualization n'imbogamizi z'imodoka zigendanwa mu burasirazuba n'iburengerazuba
Nyuma ya 2010, kugira ngo hongerwe imikoreshereze y’ibikoresho bya mudasobwa n’ububiko, ibigo by’amakuru byatangiye gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya virtualization, kandi umubare munini w’imashini zikora virtualization watangiye kugaragara muri network. Ikoranabuhanga rya virtualization rihindura seriveri mo seriveri nyinshi zikora neza, buri VM ishobora gukora ku giti cyayo, ifite OS yayo, APP, aderesi yayo ya MAC na IP, kandi bihuza n’ikintu cyo hanze binyuze muri virtualization (vSwitch) iri muri seriveri.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya virtualization bifite ibisabwa: kwimura imashini zikora kuri interineti mu buryo bwihuse, ubushobozi bwo kwimura sisitemu y’imashini zikora kuri interineti kuva kuri seriveri imwe ifatika ujya ku yindi mu gihe serivisi zikora kuri izo mashini zikora kuri interineti zikora kuri interineti zikora kuri interineti zikora kuri interineti. Iyi gahunda ntireba abakoresha ba nyuma, abayobozi bashobora kugabanya umutungo wa seriveri mu buryo bworoshye, cyangwa gusana no kuvugurura seriveri zikora kuri interineti nta ngaruka ku mikoreshereze isanzwe y’abakoresha.
Kugira ngo serivisi idahagarara mu gihe cyo kwimuka, birasabwa ko atari aderesi ya IP ya mashini isanzwe idahinduka gusa, ahubwo no gukomeza gukora kwa mashini isanzwe (nk'uko TCP imeze) mu gihe cyo kwimuka, bityo kwimuka kwa mashini isanzwe bishobora gukorwa gusa muri domaine imwe ya 2, ariko ntibikorerwe muri domaine ya 2. Ibi bituma hakenerwa domaine nini za L2 kuva kuri access layer kugera kuri core layer.
Aho L2 na L3 bitandukaniye mu buryo busanzwe bwo gushyiraho umurongo munini wa 2 ni kuri switch y'ibanze, kandi ikigo cy'amakuru kiri munsi y'imashini y'ibanze ni domaine yuzuye yo gusakaza, ni ukuvuga umuyoboro wa L2. Muri ubu buryo, ishobora kubona uburyo igikoresho gishyirwa mu bikorwa n'aho giherereye, kandi ntabwo ikeneye guhindura imiterere ya IP na gateway. Imiyoboro itandukanye ya L2 (VLans) inyura muri switch y'ibanze. Ariko, switch y'ibanze iri muri ubu buryo igomba kugumana imbonerahamwe nini ya MAC na ARP, itanga ibisabwa byinshi ku bushobozi bwa switch y'ibanze. Byongeye kandi, Access Switch (TOR) inagabanya ubunini bwa network yose. Ibi amaherezo bigabanya ubunini bwa network, kwaguka kwa network n'ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika, ikibazo cyo gutinda mu byiciro bitatu bya gahunda, ntibishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'ubucuruzi bw'ejo hazaza.
Ku rundi ruhande, urujya n'uruza rw'abantu kuva iburasirazuba kugera iburengerazuba ruzanywe n'ikoranabuhanga rya virtualization nabyo bizana imbogamizi ku muyoboro gakondo w'ibice bitatu. Urujya n'uruza rw'abantu ku miyoboro y'amakuru rushobora kugabanywamo ibice bikurikira:
Urugendo rugana mu majyaruguru rugana mu majyepfo:Urujya n'uruza hagati y'abakiriya batari muri seriveri y'amakuru na seriveri y'amakuru, cyangwa urujya n'uruza ruva kuri seriveri y'amakuru rujya kuri interineti.
Urugendo rugana iburasirazuba n'iburengerazuba:Urujya n'uruza hagati ya seriveri mu kigo cy'amakuru, ndetse n'urujya n'uruza hagati y'ibigo bitandukanye by'amakuru, nko kugarura ibiza hagati y'ibigo by'amakuru, itumanaho hagati y'ibicu byigenga n'ibya rubanda.
Ishyirwaho ry'ikoranabuhanga rya virtualization rituma ikwirakwizwa rya porogaramu rirushaho gukwirakwira, kandi "ingaruka mbi" ni uko urujya n'uruza rw'abantu kuva iburasirazuba kugera iburengerazuba ruriyongera.
Imiterere gakondo y’ibice bitatu ikunze gukorerwa ku rujya n’uruza rw’abantu mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo.Nubwo ishobora gukoreshwa mu rugendo rw'imodoka uva iburasirazuba ujya iburengerazuba, amaherezo ishobora kunanirwa gukora uko bisabwa.
Imiterere gakondo y'imiterere y'ibice bitatu ugereranije n'imiterere y'ibice by'umugongo n'amababi
Mu buryo bw'imiterere y'ibice bitatu, urujya n'uruza rw'iburasirazuba rugomba koherezwa binyuze mu bikoresho biri mu byiciro by'ingenzi n'iby'ibanze. Binyura mu buryo butari ngombwa mu bice byinshi. (Seriveri -> Ukwinjira -> Ukwegeranya -> Uguhinduranya -> Uguhinduranya -> Uguhinduranya -> Seriveri)
Bityo rero, iyo umubare munini w’abagenda mu burasirazuba uva mu burengerazuba unyuze mu buryo busanzwe bw’imiyoboro itatu, ibikoresho bihujwe n’aho bashyira ubutumwa bishobora guhangana n’uburyo bwo gukoresha interineti, bigatuma abakoresha bahita babona igihe kibi cyo gusubiza.
Ingaruka mbi z'imiterere gakondo y'urusobe rw'imirongo itatu
Bigaragara ko imiterere gakondo y’urusobe rw’imirongo itatu ifite inenge nyinshi:
Imyanda ya Bandwidth:Kugira ngo hirindwe kohereza amakuru mu buryo butunguranye, protocole ya STP ikunze gukoreshwa hagati y’urwego rwo guteranya amakuru n’urwego rwo kwinjira, bityo umurongo umwe gusa w’urufunguzo rwo kwinjira utwara abantu, maze andi mahuza afungwe, bigatuma bandwidth itakaza agaciro.
Ingorane mu gushyira umuyoboro mugari:Uko urwego rw'umuyoboro rugenda rwaguka, amashami y'amakuru akwirakwizwa ahantu hatandukanye, imashini zikora amashusho zigomba gukorwa no kwimurirwa ahandi hose, kandi imiterere yabyo nka aderesi za IP n'inzira ntibihinduka, ibyo bikaba bisaba inkunga y'urwego rwa kabiri rw'amakuru. Mu miterere isanzwe, nta kwimuka gushobora gukorwa.
Ibura ry'urujya n'uruza rw'abantu mu burasirazuba n'iburengerazuba:Imiterere y’urusobe rw’itumanaho rw’amatsinda atatu yagenewe ahanini urujya n’uruza rw’amajyaruguru ugana mu majyepfo, nubwo inashyigikira urujya n’uruza rw’amajyaruguru ugana mu burasirazuba, ariko inenge ziragaragara. Iyo urujya n’uruza rw’amajyaruguru ugana mu burasirazuba ari runini, igitutu ku rujya n’uruza rw’amatsinda n’amatsinda y ...
Ibi bituma ibigo bigwa mu kibazo cy’ikiguzi n’ubushobozi bwo kwaguka:Gushyigikira imiyoboro minini ikora neza bisaba umubare munini w'ibikoresho by'urwego rw'ibanze n'iby'ingenzi, ibyo bikaba bitazaniye ibigo ikiguzi kinini, ahubwo bisaba ko umuyoboro ugomba gutegurwa mbere y'igihe mu gihe cyo kubaka umuyoboro. Iyo umuyoboro ari muto, bizatera gusesagura umutungo, kandi iyo umuyoboro ukomeje kwaguka, biragoye kwaguka.
Imiterere y'urusobe rw'amababi n'umugongo
Imiterere y'urusobe rw'imiyoboro ya Spine-Leaf ni iyihe?
Mu gusubiza ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru,igishushanyo gishya cy’ikigo cy’amakuru, imiterere y’umuyoboro wa Spine-Leaf, cyavutse, ari na cyo twita umuyoboro wa leaf ridge.
Nkuko izina ribigaragaza, imiterere y’iyi nyubako ifite urwego rw’umugongo n’urwego rw’ikibabi, harimo urwego rw’umugongo n’urwego rw’ikibabi.
Imiterere y'uruti rw'umugongo n'amababi
Buri ruhushya rw'amababi ruhujwe n'urufunguzo rwose rw'amababi, rudahujwe mu buryo butaziguye, rugakora imiterere yuzuye y'urukuta.
Mu gice cy’umugongo n’ikibabi, umurongo uva kuri Seriveri imwe ujya ku yindi unyura mu mubare ungana w’ibikoresho (Seriveri -> Ikibabi -> Ikibabi -> Ikibabi -> Seriveri), ibyo bikaba byemeza ko umuntu ashobora gutinda. Kubera ko paki igomba kunyura mu gice cy’umugongo kimwe n’ikindi kugira ngo igere aho ijya.
Ingano y'ikibabi cy'umugongo ikora ite?
Leaf Switch: Ingana na access switch mu buryo busanzwe bw’imiterere itatu kandi ihuzwa na seriveri isanzwe nka TOR (Top Of Rack). Itandukaniro riri hagati ya access switch ni uko aho umurongo wa L2/L3 ugarukira ubu uri kuri Leaf switch. Leaf switch iri hejuru ya network y’ibice 3, naho Leaf switch iri munsi ya domaine yigenga ya L2, ibi bigakemura ikibazo cya BUM cy’umuyoboro munini w’ibice 2. Niba seriveri ebyiri za Leaf zikeneye kuvugana, zigomba gukoresha routing ya L3 no kuyinyuza binyuze muri Spine switch.
Spine Switch: Ingana na switch y'ibanze. ECMP (Equal Cost Multi Path) ikoreshwa mu guhitamo inzira nyinshi hagati ya switch ya Spine na Leaf. Itandukaniro ni uko Spine ubu itanga gusa umuyoboro wa L3 wo guhindura inzira kuri switch ya Leaf, bityo urujya n'uruza rw'amakuru hagati y'amajyaruguru n'amajyepfo rushobora gutwarwa kuva kuri switch ya Spine aho gutwarwa mu buryo butaziguye. Urujya n'uruza rw'amajyaruguru rushobora gutwarwa kuva kuri switch y'inkombe ijyanye na switch ya Leaf kugera kuri router ya WAN.
Igereranya hagati y’imiterere y’urusobe rw’imiyoboro y’umugongo n’amababi n’imiterere gakondo y’urusobe rw’imiyoboro y’amabara atatu
Ibyiza byo kumera nk'umugongo n'ikibabi
Igorofa:Igishushanyo mbonera cy’ikoranabuhanga gigabanya inzira y’itumanaho hagati ya seriveri, bigatuma igihe cyo gutinda kigabanuka, ibyo bikaba byanoza cyane imikorere ya porogaramu na serivisi.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kwaguka:Iyo umurambararo w'amakuru udahagije, kongera umubare w'amakuru yo mu maguru bishobora kongera umurambararo w'amakuru utambitse. Iyo umubare wa seriveri wiyongereye, dushobora kongeramo amakuru yo mu maguru niba ubucucike bw'amakuru budahagije.
Kugabanya ikiguzi: Urujya n'uruza rw'abantu rugana mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo, haba mu bice by'amababi cyangwa mu bice by'amababi. Urujya n'uruza rw'iburasirazuba n'iburengerazuba, rukwirakwira mu nzira nyinshi. Muri ubu buryo, umuyoboro w'amababi ushobora gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y'amababi udakeneye guhinduranya amababi bihenze, hanyuma ukagabanya ikiguzi.
Gutinda guke no kwirinda kubyimbirwa:Amakuru anyura mu muyoboro wa Leaf ridge agira umubare ungana w'amajwi anyura mu muyoboro hatitawe ku inkomoko n'aho agana, kandi seriveri ebyiri zishobora kugera kuri Leaf - >Spine - >Leaf three-hop. Ibi bishyiraho inzira y'umuhanda itaziguye, irushaho kunoza imikorere no kugabanya ibibazo.
Umutekano mwinshi n'uburyo bwo kubigeraho:Porotokole ya STP ikoreshwa mu miterere isanzwe y’imiyoboro itatu, kandi iyo igikoresho cyananiwe, kizongera guhinduka, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’umuyoboro cyangwa ndetse no kunanirwa. Mu miterere y’imirongo y’amababi, iyo igikoresho cyananiwe, nta mpamvu yo kongera guhinduka, kandi urujya n’uruza rw’abantu rukomeza kunyura mu zindi nzira zisanzwe. Imiyoboro y’itumanaho ntabwo ihungabana, kandi umuyoboro w’itumanaho ugabanuka gusa n’inzira imwe, nta ngaruka nyinshi ku mikorere.
Gupima imizigo binyuze muri ECMP birakwiriye cyane ahantu hakoreshwa urubuga rwo gucunga imiyoboro nka SDN. SDN yemerera koroshya imiterere, imicungire no kongera gukoresha inzira y'imodoka mu gihe habayeho kuziba cyangwa ikibazo cy'imiyoboro, bigatuma uburyo bwo guhuza imizigo n'imiyoboro y'amakuru (topologie) bwa “widelicious load balancing full mesh” buba uburyo bworoshye bwo gushyiraho no gucunga.
Ariko, imiterere y'umugongo n'ikibabi ifite imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe:
Imbogamizi imwe ni uko umubare w'amaswichi yongera ingano y'umuyoboro. Ahantu hagenewe gukusanya amakuru ku miterere y'imiyoboro ya leaf ridge hagomba kongera amaswichi n'ibikoresho bya network hakurikijwe umubare w'abakiriya. Uko umubare w'abakira wiyongera, hakenewe umubare munini w'amaswichi kugira ngo hahuzwe n'umuyoboro wa ridge.
Guhuza neza imiyoboro y'amababi n'amababi bisaba guhuza, kandi muri rusange, igipimo cy'umuyoboro w'amababi hagati y'imiyoboro y'amababi n'amababi ntigishobora kurenza 3:1.
Urugero, hari abakiriya 48 ba 10Gbps kuri leaf switch bafite ubushobozi bwose bwa port 480Gb/s. Niba port enye za 40G uplink za buri leaf switch zihujwe na 40G ridge switch, izaba ifite ubushobozi bwa uplink 160Gb/s. Igipimo ni 480:160, cyangwa 3:1. Amakuru agezweho akunze kuba 40G cyangwa 100G kandi ashobora kwimurwa uko igihe kigenda gihita kuva aho 40G (Nx 40G) itangiriye ikagera kuri 100G (Nx 100G). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko uplink igomba gukora vuba kurusha downlink kugira ngo idafunga port link.
Imiyoboro ya Spine-Leaf nayo ifite ibisabwa byo gufunga neza. Kubera ko buri gice cy'amababi kigomba guhuzwa na buri switch y'umugongo, tugomba gushyiraho insinga nyinshi z'umuringa cyangwa fibre optique. Intera y'aho ihurira yongera ikiguzi. Bitewe n'intera iri hagati y'amaswitch ahujwe, umubare wa modules optique zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zisabwa n'imiterere ya Spine-Leaf ni incuro icumi ugereranyije n'imiterere gakondo y'ibice bitatu, ibyo byongera ikiguzi rusange cyo kuyikoresha. Ariko, ibi byatumye isoko rya module optique rikura, cyane cyane kuri modules optique zihuta cyane nka 100G na 400G.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-26-2026
