Mubikorwa byurusobe no kubungabunga, nibibazo bisanzwe ariko bitera ibibazo ibikoresho bidashobora Ping nyuma yo guhuzwa neza. Kubatangiye ndetse naba injeniyeri babimenyereye, akenshi birakenewe gutangirira murwego rwinshi no gusuzuma ibitera. Iyi ngingo isenya intambwe zo gukemura ibibazo kugirango igufashe kumenya vuba intandaro yikibazo no kugikemura. Ubu buryo burakoreshwa kandi bufatika haba murugo murugo no mubidukikije. Tuzakunyura muriyi mbogamizi intambwe ku yindi, kuva cheque yibanze kugeza cheque igezweho.
1. Reba Imiterere Yumubiri Ihuza kugirango umenye neza ko ikimenyetso gikora
Ishimikiro ryitumanaho ni ihuriro ryumubiri. Niba igikoresho cyananiwe Ping nyuma yo guhuza bitaziguye, intambwe yambere nukugenzura niba urwego rwumubiri rukora. Dore intambwe:
Emeza Umuyoboro Uhuza Umuyoboro:Reba niba umugozi wumuyoboro wacometse cyane kandi niba insinga ya rezo irekuye. Niba ukoresheje umugozi utaziguye, menya neza ko umugozi wujuje ubuziranenge bwa TIA / EIA-568-B (Rusange isanzwe ya Cable Standard). Niba ufite ibikoresho bishaje, ushobora gukenera kurenga imirongo (TIA / EIA-568-A) kubera ko ibikoresho bimwe bishaje bidashyigikira guhinduranya MDI / MDIX byikora.
Reba Ubwiza bwa Cable ya Network:ubuziranenge bubi cyangwa umuyoboro muremure urashobora gutera ibimenyetso. Uburebure bwa kabili busanzwe bugomba kugenzurwa muri metero 100. Niba insinga ari ndende cyane cyangwa ifite ibyangiritse bigaragara (urugero, yavunitse cyangwa iringaniye), birasabwa kuyisimbuza insinga nziza kandi ikagaruka.
Itegereze Ibipimo Byibikoresho:Ibikoresho byinshi byurusobe (nka switch, router, amakarita y'urusobe) bifite ibipimo byerekana imiterere. Mubisanzwe, urumuri ruzamurika (icyatsi cyangwa orange) nyuma yo guhuza, kandi hashobora kubaho flicker yo kwerekana ihererekanyamakuru. Niba icyerekezo kidacana, birashobora kuba ikibazo numuyoboro wa neti, interineti yacitse, cyangwa igikoresho ntigikora.
Icyambu cy'ikizamini:Shira umuyoboro wa neti mubindi byambu kugirango ukureho ibyangiritse. Niba bihari, urashobora gukoresha umuyoboro wogupima umurongo kugirango ugenzure umurongo wumuyoboro kugirango umenye neza ko buri nsinga zateganijwe neza.
Ihuza ryumubiri nintambwe yambere mugutumanaho kwurusobe, kandi tugomba kwemeza ko ntakibazo kiri muriki cyiciro mbere yuko dukomeza gukora iperereza kubitera urwego rwo hejuru.
2. Reba Imiterere ya STP Igikoresho kugirango umenye neza ko icyambu kidahagaritswe
Niba udashoboye Ping nubwo ihuza ryumubiri risanzwe, hashobora kubaho ikibazo kijyanye na protocole igikoresho. Impamvu imwe isanzwe ni Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Sobanukirwa n'uruhare rwa STP:STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) ikoreshwa mukurinda kugaragara kumirongo. Niba igikoresho kibonye ikizunguruka, STP ishyira ibyambu bimwe na bimwe muri leta ihagarika, ibabuza kohereza amakuru.
Reba uko Icyambu gihagaze:Injira muri CLI igikoresho cyawe (Command Line interface) cyangwa interineti ya interineti kugirango urebe niba icyambu kiri muri "Imbere". Mugihe cya Cisco ihindura, imiterere ya STP irashobora kurebwa ukoresheje itegeko ryerekana spat-igiti. Niba icyambu cyerekanwe nka "Guhagarika", STP ihagarika itumanaho kuri icyo cyambu.
Igisubizo:
Hagarika by'agateganyo STP:Mugihe cyibizamini, birashoboka kuzimya by'agateganyo STP (kurugero, nta spath-tree vlan 1), ariko ibi ntibisabwa mubikorwa kuko bishobora gutera umuyaga mwinshi.
Gushoboza PortFast:Niba igikoresho gishyigikiye, imikorere ya PortFast irashobora gushobozwa ku cyambu (amategeko nka spath-tree portfast), bigatuma icyambu gisimbuka icyiciro cya STP cyo kumva no kwiga hanyuma kigahita cyinjira muri reta.
Reba Ibizunguruka:Niba guhagarika STP biterwa no kubaho kwizunguruka murusobe, ongera ugenzure urusobe topologiya kugirango ubone kandi ucike imirongo.
Ibibazo bya STP birasanzwe mumishinga yibikorwa, cyane cyane mubidukikije byinshi. Niba ufite umuyoboro muto, urashobora gusimbuka iyi ntambwe kurubu, ariko ukumva uburyo STP ikora irashobora kugera kure mubibazo byo gukemura ibibazo mugihe kizaza.
3. Reba niba ARP ikora kugirango umenye neza ko aderesi ya MAC yakemuwe neza
Iyo ihuza ryurwego rusanzwe, jya kumurongo wurwego kugirango urebe. Itegeko rya Ping rishingiye kuri protokole ya ICMP, ibanza gukemura aderesi ya IP igenewe aderesi ya MAC ikoresheje aderesi ya Aderesi yo gukemura (ARP). Niba imyanzuro ya ARP inaniwe, Ping izananirwa.
Reba imbonerahamwe ya ARP: Reba imbonerahamwe ya ARP ku gikoresho kugirango wemeze ko aderesi ya MAC igikoresho cyagenewe gukemurwa neza. Muri Windows, kurugero, urashobora kureba cache ya ARP ufungura umurongo wategeka ukandika arp-a. Niba nta aderesi ya MAC igana IP, gukemura ARP byarananiranye.
Gupima intoki ARP:Gerageza kohereza ibyifuzo bya ARP. Kurugero, kuri Windows urashobora gukoresha ping command kugirango utere icyifuzo cya ARP, cyangwa ukoreshe igikoresho nka arping (kuri sisitemu ya Linux). Niba nta gisubizo cyifuzo cya ARP, impamvu zishoboka zirimo:
Guhagarika Firewall:ARP ibyifuzo byahagaritswe na firewall yibikoresho bimwe. Reba firewall Igenamiterere ryibikoresho bigenewe hanyuma ugerageze nanone nyuma yo kuzimya by'agateganyo firewall.
Guhura kwa IP:Gukemura ARP birashobora kunanirwa niba hari IP ihuye numuyoboro. Koresha igikoresho nka Wireshark kugirango ufate paki urebe niba hari adresse nyinshi za MAC zisubiza IP imwe.
Igisubizo:
Siba Arpcache (Windows: netsh interface ip gusiba arpcache; Linux: ip-ss umuturanyi flush byose) hanyuma Ping yongere.
Menya neza ko aderesi ya IP yibikoresho byombi iri muri subnet imwe kandi ko mask ya subnet ari imwe (reba intambwe ikurikira kubirambuye).
Ibibazo bya ARP akenshi bifitanye isano rya bugufi nuburyo bwimikorere y'urusobe, kandi bisaba kwihangana mugukemura ibibazo kugirango umenye neza ko byose bikora.
4. Reba IP adresse na Iboneza rya Subnet kugirango umenye ibikorwa remezo byitumanaho
Ibibazo kumurongo wa rezo akenshi niyo nyirabayazana yo gutsindwa kwa Ping. Aderesi ya IP idahwitse hamwe na subnets itera ibikoresho kunanirwa gushyikirana. Dore intambwe:
Emeza Aderesi ya IP:Reba niba IP adresse yibikoresho bibiri biri muri subnet imwe. Kurugero, igikoresho A gifite IP ya 192.168.1.10 hamwe na mask ya subnet ya 255.255.255.0. Igikoresho B gifite IP ya 192.168.1.20 hamwe na mask ya subnet imwe. Ips ebyiri ziri kuri subnet imwe (192.168.1.0/24) kandi irashobora kuvugana muburyo bwiza. Niba igikoresho B gifite IP ya 192.168.2.20, ntabwo iri kuri subnet imwe kandi Ping izananirwa.
Reba Masnet ya Subnet:Masket idahuye ya masnet irashobora kandi gutuma habaho itumanaho. Kurugero, igikoresho A gifite mask ya 255.255.255.0 naho igikoresho B gifite mask ya 255.255.0.0, gishobora gutera inzitizi zitumanaho kubera imyumvire yabo itandukanye kurwego rwa subnet. Menya neza ko masnet ya masnet ari kimwe kubikoresho byombi.
Reba Igenamiterere ry'Irembo:Ibikoresho bifitanye isano itaziguye mubisanzwe ntibikenera amarembo, ariko amarembo adahwitse arashobora gutuma paki zoherezwa nabi. Menya neza ko irembo ryibikoresho byombi ryashyizwe ku rutonde cyangwa ryerekana aderesi iboneye.
Igisubizo:
Hindura aderesi ya IP cyangwa mask ya subnet kugirango urebe ko ibikoresho byombi biri muri subnet imwe. Hagarika amarembo adakenewe Igenamiterere cyangwa uyashyire kubiciro bisanzwe (0.0.0.0).
Iboneza rya IP ni ishingiro ryitumanaho ryurusobe, nibyingenzi rero kugenzura kabiri kugirango urebe ko ntakintu kibuze.
5. Reba udupaki twa ICMP twoherejwe kandi twakiriwe kugirango urebe ko Porotokole idahagarikwa
Itegeko rya Ping rishingiye kuri Porokireri yohereza ubutumwa kuri interineti (ICMP). Niba udupaki twa ICMP twahagaritswe cyangwa twahagaritswe, Ping ntabwo azatsinda.
Reba amategeko ya Firewall:Ibikoresho byinshi bifite firewall byashobotse kubisanzwe, bishobora guhagarika ibyifuzo bya ICMP. Muri Windows, kurugero, reba igenamiterere rya "Windows Defender Firewall" kugirango umenye neza ko amategeko ya ICMPv4-Yemewe. Sisitemu ya Linux igenzura amategeko ya iptables (iptables -L) kugirango umenye neza ko ICMP idahagaritswe.
Reba Politiki y'Ibikoresho:Routers cyangwa switch zimwe zihagarika ICMP ibisubizo kugirango wirinde gusikana. Injira mugucunga ibikoresho kugirango umenye neza ko ICMP ihagaritswe.
Isesengura ryo gufata paki:Koresha igikoresho nka Wireshark cyangwaMylinking Network TapsnaMylinking Network Packet Brokersgufata paki kugirango urebe niba ICMP yasabwe kandi niba hari igisubizo. Niba icyifuzo cyakozwe ariko nta gisubizo, ikibazo gishobora kuba kubikoresho bigenewe. Niba nta cyifuzo cyatanzwe, ikibazo gishobora kuba kumashini yaho.
Igisubizo:
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Ibibazo bya ICMP akenshi bifitanye isano na politiki yumutekano, bisaba ko habaho ubucuruzi hagati yumutekano no guhuza.
6. Reba niba Imiterere yipaki ikosowe kugirango urebe ko NTA Bidasanzwe muri Porotokole
Niba byose bigenda neza kandi ukaba udashobora Ping, urashobora gukenera kumanuka muri protocole kugirango urebe ko paki iri muburyo bwiza.
Gufata no Gusesengura Amapaki:
Koresha Wireshark kugirango ufate paki za ICMP hanyuma urebe ibi bikurikira:
- Ubwoko na Kode y'icyifuzo cya ICMP nibyo (Gusaba Echo bigomba kuba Ubwoko 8, Kode 0).
- Niba inkomoko n'aho ips ari byo.
- Niba hari TTL idasanzwe (Igihe cyo Kubaho) indangagaciro zishobora gutuma paki igabanuka hagati.
Reba Igenamiterere rya MTU:Niba igenamigambi ntarengwa ryoherejwe (MTU) Igenamiterere ridahuye, gucamo ibice birashobora kunanirwa. Mburabuzi MTU ni 1500 bytes, ariko ibikoresho bimwe bishobora gushyirwaho nagaciro gake. Gutandukanya ibizamini hamwe na ping-fl 1472 intego IP (Windows). Niba guswera bisabwe ariko ibendera rya Do not sharding (DF) ryashyizweho, MTU ntabwo ihuye.
Igisubizo:
Hindura agaciro ka MTU (Windows: netsh interface ipv4 shiraho subinterface "Ethernet" mtu = ububiko 1400 = burigihe).
Menya neza ko MTU y'ibikoresho byombi ari imwe.
Ikibazo cya protocole stack iraruhije, birasabwa ko isesengura ryimbitse rikorwa nyuma yiperereza ryibanze nta musaruro.
7. Kusanya amakuru kandi ushakishe inkunga ya tekiniki
Niba intambwe yavuzwe haruguru idakemuye ikibazo, urashobora gukenera kurushaho gukusanya amakuru no gushaka inkunga ya tekiniki.
Logika:Kusanya amakuru yamakuru yibikoresho (syslog ya router / switch, syslog ya PC) urebe niba hari amakosa.
Menyesha uwabikoze:Niba igikoresho ari ibicuruzwa byumushinga nkaMylinking(Imiyoboro y'urusobe, Umuyoboro wa Packet BrokersnaInline Bypass), Cisco (Router / Hindura), Huawei (Router / Hindura), urashobora guhamagara inkunga ya tekinike yuwabikoze kugirango utange intambwe zirambuye zo kugenzura.
Gukoresha Umuryango:Kohereza kumahuriro ya tekiniki (urugero, Stack Overflow, Umuryango wa Cisco) kugirango ubafashe, utange ibisobanuro birambuye byurusobe hamwe nibisobanuro byamakuru.
Ihuza ritaziguye kubikoresho byurusobe binaniwe kuri Ping birasa nkibyoroshye, ariko mubyukuri birashobora kuba birimo ibibazo byinshi kurwego rwumubiri, guhuza urwego, urwego rwurusobe, ndetse na protocole stack. Ibibazo byinshi birashobora gukemurwa no gukurikiza izi ntambwe ndwi, kuva shingiro kugeza imbere. Yaba ari kugenzura umugozi, guhindura STP, kugenzura ARP, cyangwa guhindura imiterere ya IP na politiki ya ICMP, buri ntambwe isaba ubwitonzi no kwihangana. Nizere ko iki gitabo kizaguha ibisobanuro byukuntu wakora ikibazo cya enterineti yawe, kugirango utazitiranya niba uhuye nikibazo nkicyo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-09-2025
